1. Grinding the soil by repeated lifting and dropping of heavy chisels or drilling bits.
2. Water is added to form slurry of cuttings.
3. Slurry removed by bailers or pumps.
4. In general, a machine used to drill holes  is called a drill rig (generally power driven, but may be hand driven). A winch is provided to raise and lower the drilling tools into the hole.

1. A casing is driven with a drop hammer. A hollow drill rod with chopping bit is inserted inside the casing.
2. Soil is loosened and removed from the borehole using water or a drilling mud jetted under pressure.
3. The water is jetted in the hole through the bottom of a wash pipe and leaves the holealong with the loose soil, from the annual space between the hole and wash pipe.
4. The water reaches the ground level where the soil in suspension is allowed to settle and mud is re-circulated.

1. Used for obtaining rock cores.
2. A core barrel is fitted with a drill bit is attached to hollow drill rods.
3. Examples: diamond coring

Standard Penetration Tests shall be conducted at every change of strata and within and/or consistency of the ground and to obtain disturbed samples for visual inspection and laboratory testing and classification and will be expressed as an N value.

The N value is defined as the blow-count for 12” (300mm) penetration recorded after the seating drive of 15 cm.

Disturbed samples collected from the split-spoon sampler during Standard Penetration Test will be visually inspected before storing in a polyethylene bag for laboratory testing.  A graphical representation of the changes in the soil strata, water levels and SPT N values will be given in boring logs.

The undisturbed samples of cohesive materials shall be obtained by thin-wall tube sampler. The area ratio shall be no more than l0% and its inside clearance ratio shall be between l.0% and l.5%.

Samples shall be obtained by forcing the tube into the soil with continuous pressure Driving will not be permitted. The hole shall be thoroughly cleaned to its bottom prior-to sampling and all samples shall be taken below the bottom of the casing or below the bottom of the hole.

When very soft soils are encountered and a thin-wall tube sampler is not able to recover an undisturbed samp1e, a piston sampler piston, shall be used; the dimensions of the sample tube remaining the same as above.

Vane Shear Test is performed in order to obtain the in-situ undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cohesive soil. Because the test is carried out on site, the problems of sample disturbance and the change of stress condition from field to laboratory can be eliminated.

When bedrock is encountered, perform continuous core sampling utilizing triple tube core barrel and diamond bits of diameter not less than 50 mm. The individual coring runs shall be limited to a maximum length of 2.0 m. Each coring recovery shall be recorded. All significant actions of the bit, water return and reasons for loss of core shall be recorded in the boring log. Core recovery, RQD and rock logging shall be carried out.

Test pit shall be performed 3 points of 1x1m size 3 m deep, by mean of hand excavation. Bulk sample taken from the test pits of not less than 50 kg each shall be sent to test at laboratory for compaction and CBR test.

Mackintosh carried out due to certain area of excavation, we detected a very soft soil. Driving is performed with a small hammer of 5 kg in weight and falling vertically through a fixed height of 30 cm or 400 blow along a guide rod. The total number of blows required for the pointer to penetrate a distance of 30 cm is recorded and used as a measure of the consistency of cohesive soil and the packing of granular soil.

Packer tests consist of measuring the rate of flow and/or pressure build-up/decay in the test interval over a period of time.  The upper range of hydraulic conductivity that can be measured using packer systems will be limited by the hydraulics of the injection system (rate and pressure output limit of pump, supply line (friction losses), water availability, etc.).  Therefore, it is important to determine before finalising equipment what the expected testing range of the zones of interest will be, before starting the testing program.

Lujeon Tests are carried out in drillholes with static water levels below ground surface. Water is injected at specific pressure “steps” and the resulting pressure is recorded when the flow has reached a quasi-steady state condition.